Abstract The use of whole fruits and vegetables, including the parts usually discarded during food processing, is an alternative to reduce the quantity of agro-industrial wastes. This study aimed to evaluate papaya seeds' nutritional and bioactive potential in two ripening stages. The seeds in the stages 0 and 5 of ripening were analyzed regarding their physicochemical composition, while the oil and the hydroethanolic extracts of the seeds were studied in respect of their fatty acid profile, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. The seeds in both ripening stages show good nutritional quality, because they are sources of protein, fiber, and oil. The oil extracted from the seeds is majorly composed by oleic fatty acid (around 70%). The seeds extracts did not present antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enteritidies, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. However, they presented high contents of total phenols (58.1 and 36.0 mg GAE⁄g dry extract for seeds in the ripening stages 0 and 5, respectively) and good antioxidant capacity, according to the FRAP and ABTS●+ assays. Papaya seeds provide nutrients and bioactive compounds and their use is a promising alternative to reduce the disposal of food wastes in the environment.

Resumo O aumento da conscientização do consumidor sobre a relação nutrição e saúde tem elevado os esforços para o desenvolvimento de alimentos contendo compostos bioativos capazes de promover benefícios adicionais à saúde além da nutrição básica, entre os quais a vitamina C. Entretanto, muitas vezes a adição desses compostos pode ser prejudicada por sua baixa estabilidade, bem como pela possibilidade de alterar as características do produto ao qual são aplicados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de vitamina C livre ou encapsulada nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de salsicha de carne frango, além de avaliar sua estabilidade durante armazenamento refrigerado. Três tratamentos foram avaliados: salsicha com vitamina C livre, salsicha com vitamina C encapsulada por spray chilling e salsicha sem adição de vitamina C. As salsichas foram caracterizadas quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: estabilidade da emulsão, atividade de água, teor de umidade e teste de aceitação sensorial, com 60 provadores não treinados, em relação aos atributos de sabor, textura, cor, aroma e aceitabilidade global. As salsichas também foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade durante armazenamento a 4°C, por meio das análises de cor objetiva (L*, a* e b*), valor de pH, textura instrumental (dureza) e oxidação lipídica (TBARS). A aplicação da vitamina C, independentemente da forma aplicada, livre ou encapsulada, não alterou (p > 0,05) as características físico-químicas e sensoriais das salsichas, e promoveu estabilidade oxidativa satisfatória, mantendo os níveis de malonaldeído abaixo de 0,06 mg/kg de amostra durante 42 dias. Embora a encapsulação da vitamina C não tenha demonstrado vantagens em relação à sua aplicação na forma livre, a utilização da vitamina C livre nas concentrações estudadas neste trabalho, em salsicha produzida com carne de frango, como antioxidante, pode ser considerada promissora, tanto do ponto de vista tecnológico como para aumentar a saudabilidade deste produto.

Summary The increase in consumer awareness about nutrition and health has increased the efforts to develop foods containing bioactive compounds that promote additional health benefits beyond the basic nutrition, and vitamin C is amongst these compounds. However, the addition of such compounds can be prejudiced by their low stability, or they could change the characteristics of the product to which they are applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding vitamin C in the free and encapsulated forms, on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of chicken frankfurter sausage, and to evaluate its stability during cold storage. Three treatments were evaluated: sausage with free vitamin C, sausage with vitamin C encapsulated by spray chilling and without vitamin C. The sausages were characterized according to the emulsion stability, water activity, moisture content and sensory acceptance by 60 untrained panellists in relation to the following sensory attributes: taste, texture, colour, aroma and overall acceptance. The stability of the sausages was evaluated during their storage at 4 °C according to the instrumental colour (L*, a* and b* parameters), pH, instrumental texture (hardness) and lipid oxidation (TBARS). The application of vitamin C, regardless of the form applied, free or encapsulated, did not change (p > 0.05) the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the sausages promoting satisfactory oxidative stability while maintaining the levels of malondialdehyde below 0.06 mg/kg of sample for 42 days. Although the encapsulation of vitamin C showed no advantages in comparison to its application in the free form, its use in high concentrations as an antioxidant in chicken meat frankfurter sausages was promising, both from the technological point of view and to increase the healthfulness of this product.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito dos fatores sexo e faixas de peso ao abate (30-40, 40-50, 50-60kg) sobre o declínio de pH, pH final, cor, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), perda de peso por cozimento (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC) da carne de capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). As amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi (LD) foram obtidas de 28 capivaras (16 machos e 12 fêmeas), provenientes de um zoocriadouro. Não houve influência dos fatores sexo e faixas de peso ao abate sobre o pH as 2h (6,29), 5h (6,29), 8h (6,25) e 24h (6,01) post mortem; na cor (Sistema CIE LAB) para luminosidade (34,28), teor de vermelho (10,74) e teor de amarelo (1,74); CRA (0,47), PPC (32,27%) e FC (5,20kgf/g). Comparando com espécies domésticas, a carne de capivara apresentou pH final elevado; índice de luminosidade baixo e teor de vermelho elevado, assemelhando-se à carnes de bovinos e ovinos (carnes vermelhas); CRA e PPC dentro dos limites considerados normais; e, textura (FC) considerada macia.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the factors sex and different slaughter weight groups (30-40, 40-50, 50-60kg) in the pH decline, ultimate pH, colour, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL) and shear force (SF) of capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) meat. Samples were constituted of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of 28 capybaras (16 males and 12 females) from the same farm. There were no effect of the factors sex and slaughter weight groups on the pH values at 2h (6.29), 5h (6.29), 8h (6.25) and 24h (6.01) post mortem; on colour values (CIE LAB System) for brightness (34.28), redness (10.74) and yellowness (1.74); WHC (0.47), CL (32.27%) and SF (5.20kgf/g). Comparing to livestock species, capybara meat had a high ultimate pH value, low values of brightness and high values of redness, looking like bovine and ovine meats (red meats); WHC and CL inside limits considered normal; and SF considered soft.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito dos fatores sexo e diferentes faixas de peso ao abate (30 a 40kg, 40 a 50kg e 50 a 60kg) no teor de lipídeos e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da carne de capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). As amostras constituíram-se da porção cranial do músculo longissimus dorsi de 28 capivaras (16 machos e 12 fêmeas) provenientes de um mesmo zoocriadouro. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Certificação da Qualidade de Carnes e Derivados do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos-ITAL, em SP. Os lipídeos foram extraídos com clorofórmio/metanol (2:1), segundo Folch et al. (1957) e a composição de AG, por cromatografia gasosa (Bragagnolo, 1997). O músculo longissimus dorsi in natura de capivara apresentou média de 0,82% de lipídeos. Houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os teores de lipídeos de machos (0,65%) e fêmeas (1,09%). Os AG encontrados em maior proporção foram o C18:2w6 (18,78%), C16:0 (16,38%), C18:0 (11,13%), C18:1w9 (10,91%), C20:0 (8,43%) e C20:4w6 (6,66%). Não houve diferença entre os teores desses AG em machos e fêmeas e nas diferentes faixas de peso ao abate. As poucas diferenças entre os fatores sexo e faixas de peso ao abate foram encontrados em AG minoritários. Comparada com as espécies domésticas (bovinos, suínos aves), a carne de capivara, neste trabalho, apresentou reduzido teor de lipídeos totais e elevada porcentagem de AG poliinsaturados.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the factors sex and different slaughter weight ranges (30-40kg, 40-50kg, 50-60kg) on the lipid content and fatty acids profiles of capybara meat. The samples were constituted of the cranial portion of the longissimus dorsi muscle of 28 capybaras (16 males and 12 females), from the same farm. The analyses were carried out at the Meats and Derived Quality Certification Laboratory of the Food Technology Institute - ITAL, in SP. The lipids were extracted using chloroform/ methanol (2:1 (v/v) mixture), following the methodology of Folch et al. (1957), and the composition of fatty acids analysed by gas chromatography (Bragagnolo, 1997). The raw loin of capybara presented 0,82% of lipids. There was significant difference (P <0,05) among the lipid content of males (0,65%) and females (1,09%). The fatty acids found in larger proportion were C18:2w6 (18,78%), C16:0 (16,38%), C18:0 (11,13%), C18:1w9 (10,91%), C20:0 (8,43%) and C20:4w6 (6,66%). There was no significant difference (P>0,05) among the contents of these fatty acids in males and females, and in the different slaughter weight ranges. A few significant differences between the factors sex and slaughter weight ranges were noticed in minor fatty acids. Comparing to the domestic species, the capybara meat analyzed in this work presented low total lipid content and high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids.